Hinduism What Makes It Very Appealing Theology Religion Essay

Hinduism What Makes It Very Appealing Theology Religion Essay South Asia particularly, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan has billions of population who follow and practice Hinduism. Hinduism, todays oldest living religion, is practiced by most of the natives of above countries as well as the people who have migrated from these nations to other parts of the world. Alone in India 82% people are Hindus (Moore 487). Hinduism is a unique religion without fundamentals. It is an agglomeration of religious, cultural, and philosophical ideas and practices. Thereby, Hinduism, a heterogeneous mixture of numerous traditions has its own value and set of beliefs. Hinduism, one of the oldest religions in the history, is a blend of various cultures and is legendary for its controversial origin, religious beliefs, and multiple deities. Hinduism or the religion of Hindus, has largely unknown origins because of its great shape and unclear authors of its sacred texts. There is always a controversy regarding the origin of Hinduism since centuries. The term Hinduism derives from the Persian word that refers to the Sindhu (or Indus) river which is situated in northwest India. Hindu was first used in the 14th century by Arabs, Afghans, and Persians to describe about the people of that region. In spite of this lack of definitive origin, there are two theories, Out of India Theory and Indo Aryan Theory that deal with the history of Hinduism. As per out of India Theory, Hinduism is entirely born in India. The original house of the Hindus was India; later they spread out to central Asia and thence to Europe (Modi 11). Historians, of this theory, generally hold that the origin of Hinduism can be traced to the ancient civilization of Indus Valley. Fairy extensive archeological evidences support this theory of origin before 4,000 years. Found aged rock paintings and depictions in the caves at Northern India are main bases to conclude that Hindus were in India who migrated to north and west later. The second theory or Indo Aryan Theory basically says that a group of nomads called Aryans moved to the India and mixed with the natives. However, this theory of origin has been under contemporary scientists belief and increasing challenge. According to this theory, the Artic, of all places w as the original home of these people who migrated to India in course of centuries. Initially, these migrants populated central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, and finally India. These pre-historic migrants or Aryans were considered as honorable and noble people, who invaded the Indus valley civilization and invented Hinduism along with the natives. These Aryans spoke a language that in its refined form came to be known as Sanskrit, which is believed to be the oldest language in the world. Due to the lack of supporting proof, this theory has now been proven to be flawed one and is considered nothing more than a myth. According to scholars, the evolution of Hinduism may be divided into three periods: the ancient (6500 BCE-1000 AD), the medieval (1000-1800 AD), and the modern (1800 AD to present). About 1500 B.C. the Indus valley was invaded from the east by the Aryans. By the year 1000, the basic doctrines of Hinduism had been formed, and the ancient period of Hinduism gave way to the medieval period. The modern period of Hinduism began about 1800 with the introduction of British rule into India. In addition to the unclear origin, another reason of Hinduism to be a unique is its basic tenets. Hinduism embraces a great diversity of  beliefs about the universe, God and the path to liberation. In Hinduism, the cosmos is represented by the various elements which represent the mass. In Indian mythology, the whole universe is consists of strong radiation represented by the term OM which is the essence of all mantras, the highest all mantras and the divine word. OM consists of three sounds: the vowel a, the vowel u, and a nasalized m. It is said that OM of Hinduism and Amen of Christianity have similar sound and meaning as well. In case of God, for Hindus, he is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent beyond any attributes of shapes, color, and formà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.In general, Hindus consider God not just as the supreme and almighty one, but also the personal one whom the individual can worship. Basically, the divine trinity of Hinduism is formed by Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh who p ossess the characters corresponding to creation, preservation, and annihilation. Hinduism considers diverse aspects of God, in multifarious form. Thereby, it is sometimes viewed as polytheistic or believing in many gods (Rosen 33). As, Hinduism is a cluster of diverse belief and traditions, the prominent themes of Hinduism include the authority of the Vedas (the oldest Indian sacred texts), the Brahman (the ultimate reality), law of karma, right actions, reincarnation, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth. The Vedas are the most ancient religious texts of Hinduism-indeed; they are the oldest religious texts in an Indo- European language. All the religious realms and divine pantheons are described in the vast corpus of mythological and ritual Vedas. Vyas, a holy priest wrote all these Vedas, that Hindus believe. Even, Lord Krishna mentions about the importance of Vedas in Bhagavad Gita (part of Hindu largest Epic Mahabharat): I am seated in everyones heart and from me come remembrance, knowledge, and forgetfulness. By study of Vedas, the goal is to know only me; and it is only I who truly know these texts, indeed, I am the creator of the final truth (The Bhagavad Gita 15.15). There are four main Vedas where whole Hinduism is elaborated: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda, and the Atharwaveda. Except Vedas, Hindus believe in caste system too, where Brahmans or Brahmins lie on top. A Brahmin is a member of the highest priestly caste in Hinduism who performs priestly services. Brahmins as well as Vedas are two concepts that are fundamental to Hinduism and differentiate the faith from Buddhism and Jainism. Hindu scriptures explain the ultimate reality as Brahman which is obviously the source of all things. It is said that Brahman is the ultimate mystery without any attributes and qualities which is behind the universe and all the Gods. It is pure, indivisible, infinite, incorporeal, and all pervading likewise the sky. To know about life, it is necessary to know the Brahman and the Atman which is the self, the soul, the principle of individual life. Some people feel that a message of Hinduism is, through meditation and contemplation; an individual must come to realize the fact that the Brahman is Atman. The idea that humans soul transfer into a new body after death is a main theme of Hindu tenet and this process happens over and over in a continuous cycle known as Samsara. Throughout these lives, Karma is the one which keeps an individual imprisoned by trans-migratory cycle and determines the quality of next reincarnation. Karma means deed or action. Each souls unique destiny is determined by the universal law of Karma. Hindus also believe that by good Karma the cycle of Samsara can be escaped when a soul reaches a stage known as  moksha (liberation). One who is free from ignorance and sins is eligible for Mokshya and after this point; the soul will reside in heaven. Moreover, truth, meditation, yoga, piousness, honesty, celibacy, prayers, penance, cleanliness, non-violence are other tenets of Hindus. Hindus perform different religious practices and rites according to the age of an individual with the help of trained priest or chaplain serving family. Naming, weaning, hair cutting, marriage, death are different rites throughout a Hindus life. The most important and never a-parting relationship and most engrossing event of a Hindus life is marriage. It is subjected to be the most prolonged and an endless conversation however; those who remain unmarried are also treated with the upmost respect, if he has a pious motive. The bride and bride groom start their lives together where fire is taken as witness. The couples make seven rounds around the fire and each round has its specific promise which they are supposed to keep throughout their married life. In case of remarriage, the Hindu society allows a widower to remarriage however, widows are never allowed to remarry and have affairs throughout their lives. After marriage, the funeral or death ceremony comes second important and this d iffers from caste to caste. The closing moment of a Hindus life is associated with number of actions. After death, the body is destroyed, ideally on the bank of river with fire. Afterwards, Hindu mourning lasts one year, during which a large number of ceremonies have to be performed for the Mokshya or liberation of the Soul. Hinduism is generally associated with multiple deities and does not advocate the worship of one particular deity. Home is the center of religious practices for Hindus. Deities are represented by a complexity of images and idols symbolizing divine powers. Each home has an idol, a picture or at least an image to worship. Cleaning and sprinkling the holy water are common ways to make the house holy and livable for God. In addition, Hindus go to different temples very frequently to worship different gods. Hindus view the Supreme Beings cosmic activity as comprised of three main tasks: creation, preservation, and dissolution. There three tasks are associated with three deities Brahma,  Vishnu  and  Shiva which are fundamental deities of Hinduism and they stand as  creator, preserver and destroyer respectively. Lord Brahma brings forth the generation and represents the creative principle of the Supreme Being. Where, Lord Vishnu maintains the universe and represents the eternal prin ciple of preservation. Lord Shiva represents the principle of dissolution and recreation. All future characters in Hinduism are connected somehow with these three deities. A Hindu deity represents a particular Supreme Being. These three deities together form the Hindu trinity. One must clearly apprehend that these three gods present the same power, the Supreme Being in three different aspects and are not independent. Bansi Pandit says, The oneness of the three gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva or Mahesh is brought out by the mystic symbol AUM where A represents Vishnu, U Shiva and M Brahma. After deities, Hindus also worship planets, trees, animals, and even spirits. As per Hindu scriptures, living beings are not apart from God, since, he resides in each and every one of the creatures in the form of atman (BG 10.39). Hence, each living being is a solitary manifestation of God. In addition, Hinduism has always been an environmentally sensitive philosophy and contains the earliest messages for sustentation of environmental and ecological balance. Thus, Hindus worship nine planets as God because it is believed that these angelic bodies in the cosmos affect every aspect of human lives and are responsible for all the good or bad times one faces in life. Among them, the sun has a major role and is worshipped in different forms. The holy Gayatri mantra is solely dedicated to the sun: Let us mediate on the adorable splendor of sun; may he arouse our minds with his golden beams. After the solar system or planets, Hindus also worship animals and plants such as cow and holy basil. The priests say that just looking after a cow in itself is a form of worship. Holy basil which is often called Queen of herbs is the mother medicine of nature. Generally each Hindus home has a basil plant in courtyard and the house is considered incomplete if it does not have a basil plant somewhere in residence. In India this plant is hallowed for more than five thousand years as a healing balm for body, mind and soul. As Hinduism is a mixture of different castes, cultures, and is comprised of many varying beliefs such as pantheism, monotheism, polytheism, and atheism; it seems very unique in comparison to other eastern religions. Even though philosophers and historians have controversy regarding Hinduism, Hindus do not have any contradiction among their beliefs.

Rates of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Rates of Reaction What is a rate of reaction? The amount of change of a product or reactant in a given time. What affects the rate? a) Concentration of solution (more likely to collide as more in same vol.) b) Temperature (increases speed of molecules, more exceed EA) c) Surface area (same as concentration) d) Pressure of gasses (same as conc.) e) Catalyst (guide particles to correct orientation + lowers EA) f) Others e.g. light(light = increase in speed of particles) How are rates altered? Collision theory: Particles must collide with an energy exceeding the EA and they must have the correct orientation. A reaction rate increased by, - Increasing collision frequency - Increasing average kinetic energy of particles - Lowering activation energy - Giving molecules correct orientation Effect of concentration on rate rA = rate of reaction with respect to A E.g. RH+ = rate of reaction with respect to H+(aq) Rate of reaction = K [A]a [B]b [C]c Units of rates of reaction = mol dm-3 s-1 Units of concentration = mol dm-3 Indices a, b, c etc: order of reaction - what is the effect on the rate of doubling the concentration E.g. [H+]1 = 1st order = if conc. is doubled, rate is doubled [H+]2 = 2nd order = if con. is double, rate is quadrupled [H+]0 = zero order = if conc. is doubled, rate is unaffected The constant, K K = rate constant. This is a constant of proportionality Units may vary but must include s-1 rA = k[A]1[B]1 mol dm-3 s-1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ = k (mol dm-3)(mol dm-3) for mol dm-3 s-1 to = mol dm-3 s-1 because k must = dm3 mol-1 s-1 because (mol dm-3)(mol dm-3) = mol2 dm-6, so to equal this out, k = dm3 mol-1 s-1 Expt. 11.2a the kinetics of the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ® CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Collect gas given off in a syringe. Create a table: Time (s) Volume of CO2 Vt (cm3) (Vfinal - Vt) cm3 Then to find the order, find the half - life if time periods are roughly the same between each half - life then it is first order. If it is second order the graph would increase and not be constant. Methods of following a reaction By titration E.g. reaction between iodine and propane in acid solution. Then on a graph time can be plotted against titre values, in this case a straight line is seen, suggesting the reaction to be zero order By colorimetry Can be used when one of the reactants or products have a colour, the intensity changing during the reaction. The intensity can be followed using a special colorimeter. By Dilatometry Where during the reaction the total volume of the solution changes.

The Twin Paradoxical: Acme and Omega Electronics Study Case

The Paradoxical Twins: Acme and Omega Electronics E-mail : [email  protected] co. id Introduction: In this case, two similar electronic companies named Acme and Omega, Which situated closely one to another. Both of them are originally formed from the same company, but they grew into completely different companies. Below listed their company details and unique points, right after company’s establishment: Acme: ? ? ? ? ? ? Company size: 550 employees, with annual sales $10 million The president: John TylerRetaining the original management and upgrading general manager to president Has a relatively more effective management and bigger net profits Management culture: bureaucracy/ hierarchy culture, it is stated by John Tyler â€Å"he retained the basic structure† and company has a well structured organization chart. Management get used to routine and predicted activity, stated in â€Å"Tyler was confident that has the demand had not been so great†¦. †, and â⠂¬Å"we have been able to beat Omega regularly.. † Omega: ? ? ? ? ? ? Company size: 480 employees, with annual sales $8 millionThe president: Jim Rawls Hired a new president who is a former director of a large electronics research laboratory, and upgrading several of the existing personnel within the plant. Relaying on face to face communication which leads to ineffective time management. Management culture: adhocracy/ entrepreneurial culture, stated in â€Å"Jim Rawls did not believe in organization charts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å".. people from mechanical, electrical, production and industrial engineering got together.. †, and â€Å"Jim Rawls called a meeting on Friday, July 8, that included all departments head.. †Team oriented and project based organization are used, based on Jim Rawls’ background as a researcher and his capacity as the president. Case Summary: In July 1996, on of major photocopy manufacturer was looking for a subcontractor to assemble the memory unit, whereas this project worth $5-7 million. This project required 100 prototypes, and speed is a critical factor indeed. Both Acme and Omega had at most 2 weeks to get this project done. Acme Timeline: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Monday (July 11th): Blueprint arrived and purchasing decision has been made by purchasing department.Tuesday (July 12th): mechanical engineering received manufacturing prints and evaluated their capabilities in completing this project. Wednesday (July 13th): Purchasing found that a particular component could not be purchased due to summer vacation in manufacturer region. Tyler decided to continue on producing with the missing component, and add the missing on the last stage. Friday (July 15th): Mechanical engineering informed an additional assembly time might be occurred because of the missing component. Monday (July 18th): Tyler got information from shipping department if most of the component has arrived.Foreman ignored the normal procedure of contac ting method engineers due to time limit. As a matter effect, the method engineers were very upset because they have no chance in designing proper layout. They had spent an entire weekend in analyzing the motion needed and his process was very inefficient and imbalanced. The foreman refuses to stop working, due to short time limit. Tyler got himself complained by the method engineers, but no one of them could change his decision and he wants to get all the prototypes ready as soon as possible. They just said each other if the units must be almost completely tear down in installing the missing unit.Friday (July 22nd): They have their last unit produced Tuesday (July 27th): Missing parts have delivered Wednesday (July 28th): Foreman found that they have to tear the units to install the missing units. Thursday (July 28th): Tyler decides to tear down all units. Friday (July 29th): 50 units of prototypes have been completed, and shipped without final inspection. Tuesday (August 2nd): The rest 50 units were shipped Omega ? ? ? Friday (July 8th): Jim Rawls called all department heads, and soon after he had received the blueprints. Monday (July 11th): Blueprint arrived and all department heads met to discuss this project.Wednesday (July 13th): They found that one component would not be ready in the next two weeks. Substitution of component must be made to keep the assembly time by using Ja pan material. ? ? ? Friday (July 15th): on process, industrial engineering department reported that the missing component would increase the assembly time. Relaying on this, the head of electrical engineering tested and ensured that the Japan component will definitely work. Monday (July 18th): All engineering gathered in finishing the units needed. Friday (July 22nd): all units were completely inspected and shipped.As a result, ten of Acme’s units were defective, while all Omega’s units passed the test. The client was disappointed with Acme’s delivery delay and i ncurred further delays in repairing the defective Acme units. However, rather than giving the entire contract to one firm, the final contract was split between Acme and Omega, with two added directives: maintained zero defects and reduced final cost. Analysis: 1. The importance of organization chart On the writer’s point of view, well structured organization chart is critical to illustrate distribution of management structure.This opinion supported by Colquitt which said organizational chart helps organization members and outsiders understand and comprehend how work is structured within the company (Colquitt et al, 2011). Based on Harvard Business Review, there would be several disadvantages occurred within a management with not organizational chart, which listed below: a. The â€Å"unworkable† job: an unworkable job means the absence of organizational chart, brings an unclear distribution or task and responsibility. One man has to do several tasks within the same time and reports to several bosses.As a matter effect, some tasks won’t be completed and reported when the time needed. b. Politics: An uncertain organization hierarchy often influences members to reach the highest level of organization hierarchy. Even more, inappropriate behavior might occur to get a higher authority and power. c. Over-regulation: The absence of organizational chart leads to uncertainty for job approval. One project must be approved some of majority member of organization before comes to realization. d. Cultural clashes: Unavailability of organizational chart often leads to unidentified organizational culture.Each member claims their own culture and also bring their previous company culture. 2. Distribution of authority in both company Based on Colquit (2011), elements of organizational structure divided into: a. Work Specialization ? Acme: individual specialization is used in Acme, where well structured of work flow has been divided into several steps of flow w hich given to different specific department. ? Omega: team work is used to bring the best performance, since the tendency is to get everyone involved in finishing one project. Everyone has almost similar knowledge and skills since everyone does all things together. . Chain of Command ? Acme: Well structured chain of command in Acme, creates a clear reporting order from subordinates to the manager. ? Omega: Group approval is needed since almost everyone has an obligation to do everything together. Moreover decision can only be produced after team discussion. c. Span of Control ? Acme: Tall organization chart symbolized this span of control which in Acme it is shown by the organizational chart. ? Omega: Relatively flat organization chart, even though there is no organization chart. In Omega, everyone has almost the same responsibility and authority. d.Centralization ? Acme: Centralized decision maker where Tyler as the decision maker or Tyler’s approval is the key point on orga nization activities. ? Omega: Decentralized decision maker, where everyone was involved by Rawls. e. Formalization ? Acme: Standardized procedure with specific rule set to maintain working behavior in Acme, such as using memo as communication tool (Mechanistic Organization). ? Omega: Flexible procedure and direct communication were highly encouraged to avoid misunderstanding in Omega. The Organizational dimensions displayed as below: Source: Colquitt, Jason A et all (2011) 3.The influence of company strategy to company distribution of authority Colquitt (2011) mentioned that company strategy has an influence on organizational structure, which described as below: ? Mechanistic Organization Acme has a mechanistic organization where the efficiency strategy, and work specialization are the unique mark of this organization. ? Organic Organization Omega has an organic organization where lateral communication, decentralized knowledge, and low degree of work specialization to maximize organ ization performance. 4. Cost efficiency failure in Omega In writer’s opinion, there are several inefficiency recourses in Omega which ead to higher cost, which described below: ? People Management Rawls encourages everyone to get involved in certain project even though they not directly related with such project. Moreover, direct contact and discussion are recommended to eliminate misunderstanding. ? Time Management Inefficiency of people management causes inefficient time management which several jobs can’t be completed in the same time, whereas everyone involved in one job. ? Resource Management Omega has a tendency in wasting resources for a fast solution. In this case, Omega uses substitute product to replace the missing component.Even it’s perfectly fit with the requirement; this solution increases cost of production. 5. Personal recommendation to Omega Washington University highly recommends the organization restructured in Omega for a better management ro le. Well structured organization will give a clear view of everyone role, responsibility and authority. This recommendation can be broken down into several actions which are: ? Restructuring Organization Restructuring organization includes creating clear job description, organizational chart, adding and eliminating position. Omega should define each member’s position, task, responsibility and authority. Forming Labor Relation Labor relation is important in manufacturing company, since large numbers of labor are employed. This organization utilized as the communication medium between labor and company management. ? Change Management Change management is needed in restructuring organization, since many things must be socialize to different. This team prioritizes the change order and methods. References Books: Colquitt, Jason A et all. (2011). Organizational Behavior â€Å"Improving Performance and Commitment in The Workplace†. McGraw-Hill Internet Corkindale, Gill. Harva rd Business Review. org washington. edu The Twin Paradoxical: Acme and Omega Electronics Study Case The Paradoxical Twins: Acme and Omega Electronics E-mail : [email  protected] co. id Introduction: In this case, two similar electronic companies named Acme and Omega, Which situated closely one to another. Both of them are originally formed from the same company, but they grew into completely different companies. Below listed their company details and unique points, right after company’s establishment: Acme: ? ? ? ? ? ? Company size: 550 employees, with annual sales $10 million The president: John TylerRetaining the original management and upgrading general manager to president Has a relatively more effective management and bigger net profits Management culture: bureaucracy/ hierarchy culture, it is stated by John Tyler â€Å"he retained the basic structure† and company has a well structured organization chart. Management get used to routine and predicted activity, stated in â€Å"Tyler was confident that has the demand had not been so great†¦. †, and â⠂¬Å"we have been able to beat Omega regularly.. † Omega: ? ? ? ? ? ? Company size: 480 employees, with annual sales $8 millionThe president: Jim Rawls Hired a new president who is a former director of a large electronics research laboratory, and upgrading several of the existing personnel within the plant. Relaying on face to face communication which leads to ineffective time management. Management culture: adhocracy/ entrepreneurial culture, stated in â€Å"Jim Rawls did not believe in organization charts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å".. people from mechanical, electrical, production and industrial engineering got together.. †, and â€Å"Jim Rawls called a meeting on Friday, July 8, that included all departments head.. †Team oriented and project based organization are used, based on Jim Rawls’ background as a researcher and his capacity as the president. Case Summary: In July 1996, on of major photocopy manufacturer was looking for a subcontractor to assemble the memory unit, whereas this project worth $5-7 million. This project required 100 prototypes, and speed is a critical factor indeed. Both Acme and Omega had at most 2 weeks to get this project done. Acme Timeline: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Monday (July 11th): Blueprint arrived and purchasing decision has been made by purchasing department.Tuesday (July 12th): mechanical engineering received manufacturing prints and evaluated their capabilities in completing this project. Wednesday (July 13th): Purchasing found that a particular component could not be purchased due to summer vacation in manufacturer region. Tyler decided to continue on producing with the missing component, and add the missing on the last stage. Friday (July 15th): Mechanical engineering informed an additional assembly time might be occurred because of the missing component. Monday (July 18th): Tyler got information from shipping department if most of the component has arrived.Foreman ignored the normal procedure of contac ting method engineers due to time limit. As a matter effect, the method engineers were very upset because they have no chance in designing proper layout. They had spent an entire weekend in analyzing the motion needed and his process was very inefficient and imbalanced. The foreman refuses to stop working, due to short time limit. Tyler got himself complained by the method engineers, but no one of them could change his decision and he wants to get all the prototypes ready as soon as possible. They just said each other if the units must be almost completely tear down in installing the missing unit.Friday (July 22nd): They have their last unit produced Tuesday (July 27th): Missing parts have delivered Wednesday (July 28th): Foreman found that they have to tear the units to install the missing units. Thursday (July 28th): Tyler decides to tear down all units. Friday (July 29th): 50 units of prototypes have been completed, and shipped without final inspection. Tuesday (August 2nd): The rest 50 units were shipped Omega ? ? ? Friday (July 8th): Jim Rawls called all department heads, and soon after he had received the blueprints. Monday (July 11th): Blueprint arrived and all department heads met to discuss this project.Wednesday (July 13th): They found that one component would not be ready in the next two weeks. Substitution of component must be made to keep the assembly time by using Ja pan material. ? ? ? Friday (July 15th): on process, industrial engineering department reported that the missing component would increase the assembly time. Relaying on this, the head of electrical engineering tested and ensured that the Japan component will definitely work. Monday (July 18th): All engineering gathered in finishing the units needed. Friday (July 22nd): all units were completely inspected and shipped.As a result, ten of Acme’s units were defective, while all Omega’s units passed the test. The client was disappointed with Acme’s delivery delay and i ncurred further delays in repairing the defective Acme units. However, rather than giving the entire contract to one firm, the final contract was split between Acme and Omega, with two added directives: maintained zero defects and reduced final cost. Analysis: 1. The importance of organization chart On the writer’s point of view, well structured organization chart is critical to illustrate distribution of management structure.This opinion supported by Colquitt which said organizational chart helps organization members and outsiders understand and comprehend how work is structured within the company (Colquitt et al, 2011). Based on Harvard Business Review, there would be several disadvantages occurred within a management with not organizational chart, which listed below: a. The â€Å"unworkable† job: an unworkable job means the absence of organizational chart, brings an unclear distribution or task and responsibility. One man has to do several tasks within the same time and reports to several bosses.As a matter effect, some tasks won’t be completed and reported when the time needed. b. Politics: An uncertain organization hierarchy often influences members to reach the highest level of organization hierarchy. Even more, inappropriate behavior might occur to get a higher authority and power. c. Over-regulation: The absence of organizational chart leads to uncertainty for job approval. One project must be approved some of majority member of organization before comes to realization. d. Cultural clashes: Unavailability of organizational chart often leads to unidentified organizational culture.Each member claims their own culture and also bring their previous company culture. 2. Distribution of authority in both company Based on Colquit (2011), elements of organizational structure divided into: a. Work Specialization ? Acme: individual specialization is used in Acme, where well structured of work flow has been divided into several steps of flow w hich given to different specific department. ? Omega: team work is used to bring the best performance, since the tendency is to get everyone involved in finishing one project. Everyone has almost similar knowledge and skills since everyone does all things together. . Chain of Command ? Acme: Well structured chain of command in Acme, creates a clear reporting order from subordinates to the manager. ? Omega: Group approval is needed since almost everyone has an obligation to do everything together. Moreover decision can only be produced after team discussion. c. Span of Control ? Acme: Tall organization chart symbolized this span of control which in Acme it is shown by the organizational chart. ? Omega: Relatively flat organization chart, even though there is no organization chart. In Omega, everyone has almost the same responsibility and authority. d.Centralization ? Acme: Centralized decision maker where Tyler as the decision maker or Tyler’s approval is the key point on orga nization activities. ? Omega: Decentralized decision maker, where everyone was involved by Rawls. e. Formalization ? Acme: Standardized procedure with specific rule set to maintain working behavior in Acme, such as using memo as communication tool (Mechanistic Organization). ? Omega: Flexible procedure and direct communication were highly encouraged to avoid misunderstanding in Omega. The Organizational dimensions displayed as below: Source: Colquitt, Jason A et all (2011) 3.The influence of company strategy to company distribution of authority Colquitt (2011) mentioned that company strategy has an influence on organizational structure, which described as below: ? Mechanistic Organization Acme has a mechanistic organization where the efficiency strategy, and work specialization are the unique mark of this organization. ? Organic Organization Omega has an organic organization where lateral communication, decentralized knowledge, and low degree of work specialization to maximize organ ization performance. 4. Cost efficiency failure in Omega In writer’s opinion, there are several inefficiency recourses in Omega which ead to higher cost, which described below: ? People Management Rawls encourages everyone to get involved in certain project even though they not directly related with such project. Moreover, direct contact and discussion are recommended to eliminate misunderstanding. ? Time Management Inefficiency of people management causes inefficient time management which several jobs can’t be completed in the same time, whereas everyone involved in one job. ? Resource Management Omega has a tendency in wasting resources for a fast solution. In this case, Omega uses substitute product to replace the missing component.Even it’s perfectly fit with the requirement; this solution increases cost of production. 5. Personal recommendation to Omega Washington University highly recommends the organization restructured in Omega for a better management ro le. Well structured organization will give a clear view of everyone role, responsibility and authority. This recommendation can be broken down into several actions which are: ? Restructuring Organization Restructuring organization includes creating clear job description, organizational chart, adding and eliminating position. Omega should define each member’s position, task, responsibility and authority. Forming Labor Relation Labor relation is important in manufacturing company, since large numbers of labor are employed. This organization utilized as the communication medium between labor and company management. ? Change Management Change management is needed in restructuring organization, since many things must be socialize to different. This team prioritizes the change order and methods. References Books: Colquitt, Jason A et all. (2011). Organizational Behavior â€Å"Improving Performance and Commitment in The Workplace†. McGraw-Hill Internet Corkindale, Gill. Harva rd Business Review. org washington. edu

Investigative Report of Internet Addiction - 3641 Words

Investigative Report Of Internet Addiction Prepared for Dr. Jere Mitchum By Marwan November 4 , 1996 TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................iv ABSTRACT.............................................................v INTRODUCTION ........................................................1 Purpose .............................................................1 Growth Of The Internet ..............................................1 THE ADDICTION .......................................................2 What causes it ......................................................2 Symptoms ............................................................3 How To Overcome The†¦show more content†¦In a recent publication in the Los Angeles Times Mathew McAlleseter reported on a survey conducted on the Internet by Victor Brenner who came up with the following results: 17% said that they spend more than 40 hours a week online, 31% said that their work performance had deteriorated since they started using the Internet, 7% got into hot water with their employers or schools for Internet related activities (LA Times, 5/5/1996, pp A-18).However, Brenner acknowledges that his survey is unscientific in many ways; respondents are self-selected and many may be Internet researchers. On the other hand, Dr. Kimberly Young from the University of Pittsgurg-Bradford conducted a more accurate survey that included 396 men and women. In her point of view heavy on-line users in her study all met psychiatric criteria for clinical dependence applied to alcoholics and drug addicts. They had lost control over their Net usage and couldnt end it despite harmful effects on their personal and professional lives. What Causes It Finding a reason for Internet addiction can be as hard as finding a reason for smoking addiction, however, there are a couple of reasons that are obvious for some addicts: * The power of instant access to all sorts of information and all kinds of people is a positive that can be overused. * A different kind of community that canShow MoreRelatedInternet Sexual Addiction4936 Words   |  20 PagesInternet Sexual Addiction It seems that the Internet has become an ever-growing part in numerous areas of the everyday lives of people. 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